Introduction Border management between India and China has historically relied on political restraint and military agreements rather than a formally settled boundary. The clash in the Galwan Valley in eastern Ladakh in June 2020 challenged this framework by revealing the limitations of informal arrangements under conditions of increasing strategic competition. Occurring amid heightened infrastructure development and forward military deployments, the incident assumed significance beyond its immediate tactical context. Historical and Geopolitical Context The western sector of the India–China boundary has remained disputed since the mid-twentieth century. Following the 1962 conflict, the absence of a mutually accepted boundary resulted in the emergence of the Line of Actual Control as a de facto arrangement rather than a legally defined border. While subsequent bilateral agreements aimed to prevent escalation, they did not resolve the underlying territorial dispute. The Galwan Valley hold...
Balancing Faith,Politics,and National Unity. Introduction India has, for thousands of years, stood as a symbol of unity in diversity. It has harmonized countless religions, social groups, traditions, and ideologies — nurturing them together in peace. The real strength of India lies in this inclusiveness, where unity and diversity coexist with mutual respect. Our ancient sages and thinkers built a social system during the Vedic era that reflected deep moral and spiritual understanding. However, over time, differences among various religious and social groups began to emerge. Today, these differences often appear more intense, leading to debates about the nation’s unity and values. This situation raises a critical question — why do such divisions exist in a country that has always valued tolerance and harmony? The Evolution of India’s Plural Identity From the earliest Vedic hymns to the philosophical depth of the Upanishads, Indian thought has celebrated coexistence and dialogue. The pre...